

Women's Rights
What do human rights look like for Women in Brazil?
Women in Brazil do not have equal human rights, and face discrimination based on gender due to patriarchal norms in both society and law. This page explores specific pressing issues that women in Brazil face, including femicide and domestic abuse, access to abortion, and feminist activism. Intersectionality is also emphasized, as black, indigenous, LGBTQIA+, and working class women are disproportionately affected by these issues.
Femicide
One of the biggest challenges to gaining human rights that women in Brazil face is female homicide, or femicide. New reports show that, so far in 2019, four women have been killed each day in Brazil. Femicide rates have risen so quickly that Brazil is now the 5th highest rated out of 83 countries, and the overall female homicide rate in Brazil is 48 times higher than that in the United States. Femicide is described as a gender-motivated crime, often attributed to patriarchal norms in a society. It is defined as the killing of a woman by a man because of her gender. Men often feel that it is their right to inflict whatever punishment they choose onto their female counterparts, and studies have shown that not only are the rates of homicide drastically different between men and women in Brazil, but that the means of murder vary as well. Victims of female homicide are six times more likely to be strangled or suffocated to death than male victims, who are more likely to be shot and killed. Domestic violence and spousal abuse is directly linked with femicide, with many victims having previously faced attacks from their abusers, reported domestic abuse, or even survived a homicide attempt. When women may have the means necessary to report their abusers, very few restrictions are put in place to keep the aggressors from continuing their acts of violence. Recently, legislative measures in larger cities have taken place that have been working to help combat these ineffectual means of dealing with domestic abuse. Women-only police stations have helped rates of femicide and domestic violence go down in cities. Women often feel safer and more comfortable reporting and discussing issues like domestic abuse, sexual harassment, reproductive issues, etc. with other women, rather than men, and might have their reports taken more seriously when heard from the point of view of a woman in power. Women police can be a better means to helping lessen the rates of mortality and violence faced by other women at the hands of men.
Though femicide has rightly been defined as a hate crime based on gender, studies have been less likely to take into account other identifying factors that make an individual more likely to be a target of femicide, including, most pertinently, race, sexuality, political affiliation, and income. “Black women, those belonging to indigenous groups, and the LGBT+ community, as well as women politicians and human rights activists are most at risk of being killed.” It is gravely important that these factors are taken into account when studying femicide and determining possible approaches to gaining human rights for women in Brazil. It is not enough to simply examine the injustices faced by women as a whole group- we must also take into account other intersecting aspects of women’s identities, especially those that put them at further risk of having their rights violated, and their lives taken.
Intersectionality
Abortion Rights
Another area in which human rights for women in Brazil are lacking, and that can often tie into issues of domestic abuse and femicide, is abortion. Access to a safe, legal abortion in Brazil is incredibly restricted, and women who seek safe abortions are criminalized, often forced to face jail time, separating them from their families, careers, and daily lives. “Under the criminal code in Brazil, abortion is illegal except in cases of rape, when necessary to save a woman’s life, or when the fetus suffers from anencephaly.” Some women will go abroad just to seek safe abortions, but many do not realistically have this option. The alternatives are being forced to carry a pregnancy to term when they don’t want to and often don’t have the means to, or seek out an unsafe, illegal abortion. The results of this could be even more economic inequity if a woman has to take time off work to have and care for a child, possible situations of domestic abuse if they are forced to have a child that is their abuser’s, or dire health issues and even death from an unregulated abortion.
Art as Activism
Not only can legislation be an effective means for solving issues of inequality faced by women, but civil disobedience and consciousness-raising can be a useful tool as well.
Panmela Castro is a street activist and political artist who uses her graffiti (pictured above) to bring awareness to feminist issues in Brazil, most notably femicide, domestic violence, and women’s bodily autonomy. Her work is displayed not only in museums and global exhibits, but in the streets of Brazil, easily viewable to many of its residents. She discusses the history of graffiti as an act of civic disobedience, and a way to challenge social norms, especially regarding gender, as well as her art as activism. Panmela helps to teach other women the ways of street art, a predominantly male field. The message of her activism also translates to the legal realm, with Projecto Violeta. As this video states, it is an organization that helps victims of domestic violence navigate their ways through Brazil’s complicated legal system. Projecto Violeta was created by Adriana de Lema, a lawyer who has been fighting against domestic abuse for decades. She discusses how current Brazilian law states that when a woman goes to the police to report domestic violence, she has to wait for an official decision for 4 days. In that amount of time, many women are killed or seriously injured by their abusers. In Brazil, a woman is assaulted by her husband or partner every 15 seconds, and a woman is killed every four hours. Women like Panmela Castro and Adriana de Lema, and countless other feminist activists in Brazil are working to combat these statistics through legal, social, and cultural spheres.
Current President on Women's Rights
The current far-right leader of Brazil, President Jair Bolsonaro, is seen by many women as a detriment to their fight for human rights. He has a poor track record of standing up for equality between men and women, to say the least. In 2015, Bolsonaro was ordered to pay compensation to a fellow member of congress, Maria Do Rosario, after saying to her, “I said I wouldn’t rape you because you don’t deserve it.” In that same year he voted against a femicide law sponsored by Do Rosario, which gave harsher sentences for homicides motivated by gender. In 2013, Bolsonaro was an author of a bill proposing to revoke the right for rape victims to receive legal abortions. As President, Bolsonaro renamed the existing Ministry of Human Rights to the Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights, lumping together indigenous rights and women’s rights. His appointed minister of this department is Evangelical pastor, Damares Alves, who has called for a “Brazil without Abortion” and accused feminists of “making a war between men and women.” It is clear that the current Brazilian leadership has little regard for Women's Human Rights, which makes it all the more important that activists spread awareness and gain support.
Moving Forward/Ways to Help
The Global Fund for Women SOS Corpo focuses on training, informing, and strengthening grassroots feminist movements, working mainly with women from poor urban and rural areas, and focusing on supporting women who most suffer from inequality, including black women, youth, queer women, and indigenous women.
Also consider volunteering at local women’s shelters, abortion clinics, domestic abuse and assault organizations, as there are, unfortunately, always people facing these issues in your community.